Mauna Kea Summit
Mauna Kea Summit
4.5
About
At 13,796 feet, this peak offers an incredible view of lava, desert, the valley and Mauna Loa.
Suggest edits to improve what we show.
Improve this listingTours & experiences
Explore different ways to experience this place.
Full view
What is Travellers’ Choice?
Tripadvisor gives a Travellers’ Choice award to accommodations, attractions and restaurants that consistently earn great reviews from travellers and are ranked within the top 10% of properties on Tripadvisor.
Top ways to experience Mauna Kea Summit and nearby attractions
The area
Best nearby
We rank these restaurants and attractions by balancing reviews from our members with how close they are to this location.
Attractions
6 within 10 kms
See what travellers are saying
- Jan GOstrava, Czech Republic57 contributionsAmazing experienceIt was one of the greatest experiences of Hawaii. The way up is steep, but not dangerous. It is a regular gravel road for the first 4 miles and then the road transitions to a perfect asphalt road. The journey up takes about 20-30 minutes, down is longer due to engine braking. However, you must have a 4x4 car, the ranger check is before leaving the Visitor center. If you have this car, definitely drive up. At the top there is amazing silence, sunshine and breathtaking views of the entire island. You don't have to worry about the altitude, we didn't feel any difficulties.Visited October 2022Written November 29, 2022
- mike hFort Worth, Texas504 contributionsInterestingMade it to the visitors center which sits at 9000 feet. Views were good and the center had information on the telescopes that are at the top. To go further up you need an AWD/4WD and to check in with the ranger (we knew this in advance). If on the way from Hilo-Kona worth a stop.Visited December 2022Written January 1, 2023
- lazre8 contributionsStargazing at 14000 ft!An excellent tour! Our guide picked us up mid afternoon from Waikoloa Village, We travelled to the summit of Mauna Kea and stood amongst the observatories an watched the setting sun from above the clouds. Then the stars came out and we had an unobstructed view of the various constellations and planets. Our guides were very informative and entertaining bringing their own 12 and 20 inch telescopes for us to get personal with the stars.Visited January 2023Written January 11, 2023
- drashish83Boston, Massachusetts36 contributionsStar gazing experience of lifetimeThis is a must visit for everyone who enjoys star gazing at night. Mauna Kea visitor center started their telescopes the day we visited after a gap of 4 years. The guides from visitor center are very knowledgeable and enthusiastic about educating kids and people visiting. It’s completely free and you can actually see active volcano at Kilauea from back side of visiting center. Few tips while driving. Take it slow as oxygen levels are low on the top. Adjust your body to low oxygen levels. Take 4 wheel drive with near full fuel tank and use low gears when driving slopes.Visited January 2023Travelled with familyWritten January 13, 2023
- Water KBritish Columbia, Canada26 contributionsWow!If you have a 4x4 vehicle and the time to do the drive, it's worth it. Make sure you have a full tank of gas before heading to Mauna Kea. The rangers at the visitor center will brief you and access you and your vehicle's ability to make it to the top. It is a steep, rough gravel road which turns to pavement near the top. You need to be a confident driver to make the drive up that road. You will also be required to climatize for 30 minutes at the visitor center before starting up the mountain. Take a jacket because it's chilly at the top. We were there during the day and the views were amazing.Visited January 2023Written January 17, 2023
- Rebecca S5 contributionsSunset Go-ToThis place is epic. Bring your jackets! Much colder than the thousands of feet below on the beaches. Amazing sunset. You feel like you are on another planet. 20 minute hike to prime viewing spot and parking lot with gift shop.Visited January 2023Written January 19, 2023
- Lee CAuburn, Indiana3 contributionsMauna Kea Summit Adventures guide Fernando was exceptional!We traveled up Mauna Kea for a sunset on February 25th 2023 with Mauna Kea Summit Adventures guide Fernando. His extensive knowledge of Big Island volcanic history (he seemed to know the year and origin of every lava flow that we passed on the way from Kona), Mauna Kea, the observatories at the top and just general astronomy was impressive! We were glad that he was driving and not us, as the cinder road switchbacks past the visitor center were scary, not to mention driving back down after dark. And we passed a line of vehicles waiting for inspection on the way up, which could have been us had we driven instead. The lasagna meal at the visitor center and the parkas and the star gazing afterwards were a nice touch. But the vistas and the sunset are memories that will last forever! BVisited February 2023Travelled as a coupleWritten March 13, 2023
- ShajiniToronto, Canada18 contributionsBreath-taking viewsI wasn't expecting to go to the summit (I thought the road was closed the day we went). Turns out, the road was open so we decided to drive up, and I'm so glad we did! The views are incredible and seeing the observatories (which were closed) was worth the drive. You definitely need a vehicle with 4WD. The air is noticeably thinner up there, so take your time and bring water and snacks.Visited April 2023Written May 9, 2023
- Inna GLake Hopatcong, New Jersey122 contributionsArrive early, before it gets dark, to make it all the way upWe visited the visitor center but were not able to visit the summit, arrived too late. Note: you need to be at the visitor center earlier - if you intent do star gaze at the summit. Before 6pm for sure but I would check. Acclimate for 30 min at least, and have a 4X4 car with lower gear so that the troopers let you drive up, and you must make it to the top before it starts getting dark. On your way back you need to adjust to altitude change again. Tho use with sensitive ears will certainly feel it even going down from the visitor center.Visited May 2023Travelled as a coupleWritten May 23, 2023
These reviews are the subjective opinion of Tripadvisor members and not of TripAdvisor LLC. Tripadvisor performs checks on reviews.
Contribute
Detailed Reviews: Reviews order informed by descriptiveness of user-identified themes such as cleanliness, atmosphere, general tips and location information.
Popular mentions
4.5
4,626 reviews
Excellent
3,720
Very good
665
Average
171
Poor
31
Terrible
41
smhr
Pickering, Canada277 contributions
Nov. 2023 • Couples
Amazing place. Will strongly recommend going there to watch the sunset from above the clouds and also to see the stars after that
There is no cost / fees for this attraction
Mauna Kea has 2 main spots. The first one is the visitor center. You can drive to Mauna Kea's visitor center in any vehicle, The road to the visitor center is well paved ie a regular road and very straight forward to drive on. Even if you go up to the summit, you will need to come down here to watch the stars.
If you wish to go further up from the Visitor Center, then you can only do that on an AWD vehicle. The reason being that the road beyond Visitor Center is unpaved and somewhat difficult to drive on. You will be doing all the driving on this road using manual shift. The park rangers at the visitor center will talk to you and will confirm that you have been at the visitor center for at least 30 minutes before letting you go up. This is because they want to make sure that you have climatized at this altitude. They will also confirm that you dont have a heard condition, have not gone snorkeling that day etc. They will explain to you how to drive the car and what to do to come down. Coming down is more dangerous than going up but if you follow their advice and drive in a lower gear (ie 1st and sometimes 2nd) then you should be ok. The only thing that you will be doing at the summit will be to watch the sunset from above the clouds. It takes about 30 mins to go up to the summit from the visitor center. This is definitely worth it.
Immediately after the sunset, you will be asked to come down. The drive down is tricky and you will see that no one is rushing. Every one will be in their first or 2nd gear. It will take about 30 mins or so to come down to the visitor center. Once you are there, the park rangers will check the temp of your brakes to confirm that it is not overheating. They do that with a temp gauge and takes them approx 30 secs per car to get the reading.
If you want to see the stars, and you should. then you will do that from the visitor center. There will be a staff member who will explain the various star configurations using a laser pointer. Its pretty cool. The presentation is informal and lasted for about 45 mins. The staff member was very nice. She hung around afterwards for about an hour to answer any qs and for chit chats
It gets really cold up there at the summit and at visitor center , so you must bring a jacket and dress for the temps to be around 0C / 32 F. You can go inside to the visitor center to get warmed up though. Everyone does that.
When at visitor center, you should always park in designated parking areas. This is extremely important for your safety as the lava around you may not be stable. Not worth taking a chance.
I will definitely recommend this
There is no cost / fees for this attraction
Mauna Kea has 2 main spots. The first one is the visitor center. You can drive to Mauna Kea's visitor center in any vehicle, The road to the visitor center is well paved ie a regular road and very straight forward to drive on. Even if you go up to the summit, you will need to come down here to watch the stars.
If you wish to go further up from the Visitor Center, then you can only do that on an AWD vehicle. The reason being that the road beyond Visitor Center is unpaved and somewhat difficult to drive on. You will be doing all the driving on this road using manual shift. The park rangers at the visitor center will talk to you and will confirm that you have been at the visitor center for at least 30 minutes before letting you go up. This is because they want to make sure that you have climatized at this altitude. They will also confirm that you dont have a heard condition, have not gone snorkeling that day etc. They will explain to you how to drive the car and what to do to come down. Coming down is more dangerous than going up but if you follow their advice and drive in a lower gear (ie 1st and sometimes 2nd) then you should be ok. The only thing that you will be doing at the summit will be to watch the sunset from above the clouds. It takes about 30 mins to go up to the summit from the visitor center. This is definitely worth it.
Immediately after the sunset, you will be asked to come down. The drive down is tricky and you will see that no one is rushing. Every one will be in their first or 2nd gear. It will take about 30 mins or so to come down to the visitor center. Once you are there, the park rangers will check the temp of your brakes to confirm that it is not overheating. They do that with a temp gauge and takes them approx 30 secs per car to get the reading.
If you want to see the stars, and you should. then you will do that from the visitor center. There will be a staff member who will explain the various star configurations using a laser pointer. Its pretty cool. The presentation is informal and lasted for about 45 mins. The staff member was very nice. She hung around afterwards for about an hour to answer any qs and for chit chats
It gets really cold up there at the summit and at visitor center , so you must bring a jacket and dress for the temps to be around 0C / 32 F. You can go inside to the visitor center to get warmed up though. Everyone does that.
When at visitor center, you should always park in designated parking areas. This is extremely important for your safety as the lava around you may not be stable. Not worth taking a chance.
I will definitely recommend this
Written November 14, 2023
This review is the subjective opinion of a Tripadvisor member and not of Tripadvisor LLC. Tripadvisor performs checks on reviews as part of our industry-leading trust & safety standards. Read our transparency report to learn more.
Susan N
8 contributions
Nov. 2023 • Family
We decided to take the drive up to the visitor center. There is a lot of information to get just there. We didn’t go up to the summit. Didn’t have a four wheel drive.
Written November 14, 2023
This review is the subjective opinion of a Tripadvisor member and not of Tripadvisor LLC. Tripadvisor performs checks on reviews as part of our industry-leading trust & safety standards. Read our transparency report to learn more.
TravelingFam
Omaha, NE657 contributions
Nov. 2023 • Couples
Plan ahead. You will need to arrive at visitor center 45-60 min before sunset. They ask you to wait for 20 min there, then you can drive another 15-20 min to the top. While waiting you can go to visitor center gift shop. Some snacks and drinks. And sometimes educational video inside about the area. Bathrooms and port-a-potty’s available at visitor center.
Then drive to the top. The sunset is just amazing! We usually bring our winter coats, hats, gloves. You Will need 4WD vehicle with low gear for coming down. Miles 1-4 from visitor center is rough terrain. Then paved next 1-2 miles. Sunset takes about 90 seconds once it hits horizon so be ready. Some short hikes available at top. Respect sacred grounds nearby.
Some port a pottys available at top. Huge telescopes begin to move shortly after sunset so it’s neat to see them in action.
After sunset come down in low gear. They check your breaks at the end and if too hot you need to wait at visitor center another 30-45 min. Sometimes tours have laser with stargazing tours. If you don’t have the equipment you can also book through local tour companies.
If you have the vehicle and clothing it’s just the gas to get there! No charge.
Then drive to the top. The sunset is just amazing! We usually bring our winter coats, hats, gloves. You Will need 4WD vehicle with low gear for coming down. Miles 1-4 from visitor center is rough terrain. Then paved next 1-2 miles. Sunset takes about 90 seconds once it hits horizon so be ready. Some short hikes available at top. Respect sacred grounds nearby.
Some port a pottys available at top. Huge telescopes begin to move shortly after sunset so it’s neat to see them in action.
After sunset come down in low gear. They check your breaks at the end and if too hot you need to wait at visitor center another 30-45 min. Sometimes tours have laser with stargazing tours. If you don’t have the equipment you can also book through local tour companies.
If you have the vehicle and clothing it’s just the gas to get there! No charge.
Written November 9, 2023
This review is the subjective opinion of a Tripadvisor member and not of Tripadvisor LLC. Tripadvisor performs checks on reviews as part of our industry-leading trust & safety standards. Read our transparency report to learn more.
Anna N
6 contributions
Nov. 2023 • Couples
Do your research in advance to know what to expect in terms of the process for driving up and the car and health requirements. The road up was very manageable in our opinion. The views at the top were SO spectacular and the sunset was one of the coolest we have ever seen.
Written November 6, 2023
This review is the subjective opinion of a Tripadvisor member and not of Tripadvisor LLC. Tripadvisor performs checks on reviews as part of our industry-leading trust & safety standards. Read our transparency report to learn more.
MJE123123
Scappoose, OR20 contributions
Oct. 2023 • Couples
This tour was a little different than I expected. I know the plan was to go to Mauna Kea to see the sunset and star gaze. I would like to have stopped along the way to take pictures of some of the beautiful views. It was too hard to snap pictures out the window while the bus was moving and there were lots of turns in the road. We first stopped at the visitor center/gift shop to eat at a picnic area with restrooms nearby. We did not want the listed menu and when I called the company ahead of time, we found out we could get sandwiches. I had ordered a ham sandwich and a turkey sandwich, but then we got two ham sandwiches, and I don’t eat ham. I took off the ham and had a cheese sandwich, but was pretty disappointed. For some reason, my sandwich also came with a jalapeño chips which I couldn’t eat! I had clearly told them one of each when I set it up, so it was very frustrating. That was the last place we were at with a regular bathroom; the rest of the night was porta-potties until the way home. There was a section of unpaved road that ran for 4.5 miles which was rough travel. When we got to the summit, it was very cold and the altitude was a little difficult to deal with and made me really tired. I had to take a few minutes to catch my breath a few times. I actually waited in the tour van until it was close to sunset then got out to watch the sunset and take pictures. It was hard to get a good spot for the sunset since people were walking around and there was no defined area to stand and watch the sunset. It was a pretty sunset, but the journey there was such that I don’t think I would do it again though I can now say I was at almost 14,000 feet altitude. The observatories were really interesting to see. The highlight of this trip was the star gazing. John, our tour guide, was so knowledgeable in all areas of our tour, but especially in star gazing. He used a laser to point out constellations and the telescope to show us Saturn, Jupiter, a nebula and the moon and they were absolutely beautiful! It made us so excited seeing constellations through a telescope! He also took pictures using a special, expensive camera the company has, and then emailed them to us! The star gazing was the highlight of the whole tour. I would have enjoyed just doing the star gazing since the summit, though pretty, was to me not what I expected for viewing from that point. Mostly I would say be prepared for altitude issues and porta-potties. If you don’t mind that, the tour would be good.
Written October 25, 2023
This review is the subjective opinion of a Tripadvisor member and not of Tripadvisor LLC. Tripadvisor performs checks on reviews as part of our industry-leading trust & safety standards. Read our transparency report to learn more.
AMBER D
Las Vegas, NV18 contributions
Sep. 2023 • Couples
We enjoyed a beautiful sunset at the summit of Mauna Kea! Bring warm clothing & an insulated mug with hot tea! Braving the bumpy ride & cold are well worth it!
Written September 5, 2023
This review is the subjective opinion of a Tripadvisor member and not of Tripadvisor LLC. Tripadvisor performs checks on reviews as part of our industry-leading trust & safety standards. Read our transparency report to learn more.
COTraveller33
Silver Spring, MD3,401 contributions
Jun. 2023 • Family
So - we didn't make it to the summit ( no 4WD and kids under 13 ).
But we stopped at the visitor's center, and sunset hill.
Great experience.
Fun, short hike.
Definitely worth it. With view of the sun via telescope and screen,
Great merch.
Friendly and helpful staff.
The right back down to Kona or Hilo after sunset is no-joke. Especially with the fog, dark, lack of lights, and grade of decline.
Would recommend: Yes
Would re-patronize: Yes
But we stopped at the visitor's center, and sunset hill.
Great experience.
Fun, short hike.
Definitely worth it. With view of the sun via telescope and screen,
Great merch.
Friendly and helpful staff.
The right back down to Kona or Hilo after sunset is no-joke. Especially with the fog, dark, lack of lights, and grade of decline.
Would recommend: Yes
Would re-patronize: Yes
Written August 23, 2023
This review is the subjective opinion of a Tripadvisor member and not of Tripadvisor LLC. Tripadvisor performs checks on reviews as part of our industry-leading trust & safety standards. Read our transparency report to learn more.
Traveler
NEVADA71 contributions
Aug. 2023
Drove to first station at 9,000+ feet Well worth the effort and drive, especially if your a stargazer. Amazing view of milky way and stars. You'll rarely see at sea level.
Cold at 9,000 feet. Wear a cover (maybe 2). Laser pointing of stars and clusters by staff and worth the wait time to see. Very descriptive. Once in a lifetime opportunity
to see the galaxy.
Cold at 9,000 feet. Wear a cover (maybe 2). Laser pointing of stars and clusters by staff and worth the wait time to see. Very descriptive. Once in a lifetime opportunity
to see the galaxy.
Written August 8, 2023
This review is the subjective opinion of a Tripadvisor member and not of Tripadvisor LLC. Tripadvisor performs checks on reviews as part of our industry-leading trust & safety standards. Read our transparency report to learn more.
Dallas Traveler
140 contributions
Aug. 2023 • Family
We rented a 4WD Jeep and drove to the summit. The park ranger makes sure you have at least 1/2 tank of gas and that you know how to put the Jeep in the correct gear, etc. We had no problems at all and the road is paved for at least half the distance from the visitors center to the summit. If you are not a confident, capable driver I would not recommend driving yourself. There were several tour buses at the top but a lot of people in their own 4WD vehicles too. You must stop at the visitor center for at least
30 minutes before going up. They have a nice gift shop and the rangers are informative. We left our lodging in Volcano about 4 pm and had plenty of time to get there, visit the visitor center, drive up and explore before watching the amazing sunset. It is really cold up there so take a jacket. We bought a blanket at the visitor center and we were glad we had it. There are portable restroom facilities at the summit too but my kids said they were pretty nasty.
30 minutes before going up. They have a nice gift shop and the rangers are informative. We left our lodging in Volcano about 4 pm and had plenty of time to get there, visit the visitor center, drive up and explore before watching the amazing sunset. It is really cold up there so take a jacket. We bought a blanket at the visitor center and we were glad we had it. There are portable restroom facilities at the summit too but my kids said they were pretty nasty.
Written August 6, 2023
This review is the subjective opinion of a Tripadvisor member and not of Tripadvisor LLC. Tripadvisor performs checks on reviews as part of our industry-leading trust & safety standards. Read our transparency report to learn more.
Beth K
Grapevine, TX88 contributions
Jul. 2023 • Family
Amazing and highly recommend!! You for sure need a 4WD and a stop at visitors center to acclimate. Take a jacket, it’s really cool at the top. Be sure and hike to the lake, it’s pretty.
Written July 25, 2023
This review is the subjective opinion of a Tripadvisor member and not of Tripadvisor LLC. Tripadvisor performs checks on reviews as part of our industry-leading trust & safety standards. Read our transparency report to learn more.
Can you drive up to the Visitor Station in a 2-wheel drive car and then get a ride up to the summit?
Paul S
4 contributions
I don't believe so. As another commenter noted: unless you pre-arrange with someone. Easiest is to sign up with one of the licensed tours. I suppose you could try calling them and asking if they'd be willing to pick you up at the visitor center if that works out better for you logistically (coming from Hilo, for example), but I wouldn't ask for or expect a discount.
Travis
Bridgewater, MA63 contributions
Do we need reservations if we are planning on driving ourselves with a 4 wheel drive for the sunset?
Michelle C
Madisonville, LA16 contributions
I think the reservations are just for tours. The weather changes quickly up on the summit. We had to wait thirty minutes when the rangers closed the road. After that they only allowed the more experienced travel tour drivers to drive up to the summit.
Can little kids (ages 3 and 6) endure the drive to the visitors center and summit, or is the drive/terrain too rough? How much driving time does it to get up to the summit ?
captE48
Riverside, CA124 contributions
Probably so if you can keep them entertained. It’s a long drive, we went through a tour in a group of people, approximately 18. I would drive but make sure you have extra warm clothing. As if you were going to the snow. It’s nearly 14,000 feet at the summit. The tour company provided parkas and it was still freezing. But I’m from Southern California I’m probably not a good judge of cold. But there was ice on the ground and the temp was below freezing, 30degrees. Dress appropriately or at least bring jackets and wear long pants and long sleeves. The kids will love the view of the stars, if you take the sunrise or the sunset tour. It feels like you can reach out and touch the stars. I didn’t think the road was too rough.
Winterpeg
Winnipeg, Canada85 contributions
May be a stupid question, but is there any difference being on Mauna Kea Mountain compared to just being on the ground where’s there’s no light pollution around?
Does being 10,000 + ft up a mountain actually make seeing the stars easier, compared to driving to a pitch black area with no pollution and looking up at the sky?
John C
Centreville, VA85 contributions
I understand the sky is clear and dark in Africa. I have been to a lot of open, dark areas in US, but I have never seen as many stars as Mauna Kea. There is a reason they have so many telescopes up there. The area, even at sea level, has strict anti-light pollution requirements. Also, the clouds and humidity were below the 10,000 ft level which makes the sky clearer. For me personally, seeing the telescope that helped develop an image of a black hole made the trip worthwhile. Good luck.
Jane Z
2 contributions
Is it possible to visit the visitor center next week (Christmas week)? If there is no way we can get to the visitor center/ summit, what can we do if we want to see the stars/milky way? Thanks.
johnwennekes
Temuka, New Zealand14 contributions
when we went up visitors centre was closed- dont know when it will reopen- road was open when we went -but as mainly gravel from here and steep-recomend 4 wheel drive
Hila Z
Las Vegas, NV32 contributions
Hi all, when trying to plan a drive from Hilo to the Mauna Kea summit, maps suggests that we drive up north on 19, and then down south on Mana rd, which will take 3.5h.
I can see on the map that if we take the saddle road in the center on the island, it should be a much shorter drive and there's a small connecting road between them, called Manua Kea access road - but maps absolutely refuses to set the drive through it.
Can anyone tell me if that drive is possible, and about how long will it take? (Hilo to the summit, via the saddle road and Mauna access road)
thanks you!
timcgunn
Kailua-Kona, HI52 contributions
There isn't a road thru it. You could hike the 11 or so miles but would need to get a ride from the Mauna Loa side over to the Mauna Kea side. The road down the Mauna loa Side is accessed from the saddle road and is about 45 minutes at 25 mph. Rises from about 6000 ft elevation to about 10500 at the road end. It is a nice hike across the lava field into the park.
GuinnessGirl73
Nashport, OH340 contributions
My husband and I are taking his parents to the Big Island in June. I’d love to see the stars. We are renting a car so I can do a four wheel drive, no problem. My question is, since my in-laws won’t be able to handle the altitude at the top, can you star gaze from the visitor center? I’m hoping the protests are done by then. Hubby and I have a habit of climbing mountains on vacation but I know my older in-laws won’t be able to do that so I was hoping we could drive to see the stars well enough from the visitor center...thanks in advance!
MontrealErt
Montreal, Canada360 contributions
Hi
Yes you can view from the first stop, the Visitor Center. It was closed when I was there but no matter. We also stopped there because we had a 10 year old and it was not recommended that he go higher. You will see very well from around that center. Have a great vacation and hope it won’t be block.
Venkapesh K
Milpitas, CA
Can we go up the mountain at all?? until the visitor center ?
Jeff K
Kailua-Kona, HI11 contributions
The access road is completely blocked by protesters 24/7 with no expected end. For the foreseeable future no visitor can access the Visitor Information Station, the mauna’s summit, or any point in between.
Is this your Tripadvisor listing?
Own or manage this property? Claim your listing for free to respond to reviews, update your profile and much more.
Claim your listingMAUNA KEA SUMMIT - All You Need to Know BEFORE You Go (with Photos)
Frequently Asked Questions about Mauna Kea Summit
- According to Tripadvisor travellers, these are the best ways to experience Mauna Kea Summit:
- Mauna Kea Summit and Stars Small-Group Adventure Tour (From C$394.17)
- Experience Hawai'i Big Island Helicopter Flight from Kona (From C$1,098.94)
- Mauna Kea Summit Sunset and Stars Free Astro Photos Hilo Kona Waikoloa Pick Up (From C$368.21)
- Best Mauna Kea Summit Tour (Free sunset and star photo!) (From C$383.27)
- Hawaii Small-Group Volcano Experience with Lunch and Restaurant Dinner (From C$472.25)